{"id":532,"date":"2021-08-10T11:19:20","date_gmt":"2021-08-10T11:19:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kadihukuk.com\/?p=532"},"modified":"2021-08-10T11:19:21","modified_gmt":"2021-08-10T11:19:21","slug":"is-hukukunda-mobbing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kadihukuk.com\/en\/genel\/makaleler\/is-hukukunda-mobbing\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130\u015e HUKUKUNDA \u201cMOBB\u0130NG\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><u>Hukuk Literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde Mobbing<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cPsikolojik taciz\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cmobbing\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n hukuk d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki tarihsel geli\u015fimi \u00e7ok eskilere uzanmamaktad\u0131r.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130lk olarak 1980 li y\u0131llarda Dr. Heinz Leymann taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan mobbing;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201cBir veya birka\u00e7 ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan, bir di\u011fer ki\u015fiye y\u00f6nelik (nedeni, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve inan\u00e7 ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k ve cinsiyet ayr\u0131m\u0131na kadar \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli olabilen), sistematik bir&nbsp; bi\u00e7imde, d\u00fc\u015fmanca, ahlak d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir ileti\u015fim y\u00f6neltilmesi \u015feklinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir \u00e7e\u015fit psikolojik ter\u00f6r\u201d<\/em> olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda <strong>Uluslararas\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (ILO)<\/strong> \u201ci\u015fyerinde \u015fiddet\u201d konulu bir rapor haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f ve bu raporda mobbing\u2019i;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201c\u0130ntikamc\u0131, ac\u0131mas\u0131z, \u015feytanca ve onur k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 eylemler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bir i\u015f\u00e7iye veya bir grup i\u015f\u00e7iye zarar vermeyi ama\u00e7layan sald\u0131rgan davran\u0131\u015f\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015feklinde tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u00dclkemiz i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda hukuken anlam ifade eden bir tabir olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ise mevzuatta yer bulmas\u0131ndan daha \u00f6nce yarg\u0131 prati\u011fi ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u0130lk olarak Ankara 8. \u0130\u015f Mahkemesi\u2019nin 20.12.2006 tarihli, 2006\/19 E. ve 2006\/625 K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131 ile mobbinge dayan\u0131larak h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulmu\u015f; sonras\u0131nda da Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131na yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131nda mobbing kavram\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <em>\u201cAyn\u0131 ortamda bulunan veya ayn\u0131 organizasyona ba\u011fl\u0131 olan bir veya birden fazla kimsenin, bir ki\u015fiye <strong>belli bir ama\u00e7la, sistematik bir \u015fekilde<\/strong>, y\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131k, korku, tedirginlik, endi\u015fe, bunal\u0131m, b\u0131kk\u0131nl\u0131k, s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 veya kayg\u0131 olu\u015fturacak s\u00f6z, tutum veya davran\u0131\u015flarla <strong>psikolojik ve duygusal bask\u0131 kurarak<\/strong> onu belli \u015fekilde davranmaya ya da davranmamaya, ortak alandan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmaya, g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczle\u015ftirmeye, de\u011fersizle\u015ftirmeye, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamaya, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeye veya pasifize etmeye y\u00f6nelik \u00e7abalar\u0131na mobing denilir.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u0130\u015fyerinde mobing, belirli ki\u015fi ya da ki\u015filerin zarar verici s\u00f6z, tutum ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na maruz kal\u0131nmas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan <strong>y\u0131ld\u0131rma, y\u0131pratma, sindirme, b\u0131kt\u0131rma ve belli \u015fekilde davranmaya mecbur b\u0131rakma<\/strong> s\u00fcrecini i\u00e7ermektedir. Bu s\u00fcrecin ba\u015f\u0131ndan sonuna kadar hedef al\u0131nan ki\u015fi veya ki\u015filere sistemli bir \u015fekilde psikolojik, duygusal ve sosyal sald\u0131r\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmektedir. Hedef al\u0131nan ki\u015finin \u015feref, ki\u015filik, karakter, inan\u00e7, de\u011fer, yetenek, tecr\u00fcbe, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, tercih, ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr gibi y\u00f6nlerine topluca bir sald\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. Bu sald\u0131r\u0131, dedikodu ve s\u00f6ylenti \u00e7\u0131karma, iftira atma, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar \u00f6n\u00fcnde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme, hafife alma, karalama, k\u00f6t\u00fcleme ve yok sayma gibi ki\u015fiyi zihinsel, ruhsal, fiziksel ve bedensel olarak etkileyebilecek eylemlerle yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Uluslararas\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fcne g\u00f6re mobing, \u201cbir veya bir grup i\u015f\u00e7iyi sabote etmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan, zalimce, k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli, intikamc\u0131,a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 ve ele\u015ftirici tav\u0131rlarla kendini g\u00f6steren davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi\u201d \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r.\u201d (Yrg.22.H.D.2015\/11958 E., 2016\/15623 K., Yrg.9.H.D.2017\/17931 E., 2020\/14104 K.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong><u>Psikolojik Tacizin S\u00fcrekli ve Sistematik Olu\u015fu<\/u><\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/strong>Mobbingin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edebilmek i\u00e7in bask\u0131, y\u0131ld\u0131rma, y\u0131pratma \u015feklindeki psikolojik taciz eylemlerinin ki\u015fiyi i\u015f yerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik ve mutlaka belirli bir yo\u011funlukta olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Burada bahsedilen yo\u011funluk kavram\u0131 somut olay\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6sterebilecek ise de i\u015f hukukunda mobbingin haks\u0131z fesih nedeni olabilmesi i\u00e7in psikolojik taciz eylemlerinin <strong>s\u00fcrekli ve sistematik<\/strong> olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131 her olayda aranan en belirleyici kriterdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; D\u00fcnya hukuk literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde mobbing kavram\u0131n\u0131 ilk olarak kullanmaya ba\u015flayan Dr. Heinz Leymann, mobbingde psikolojik bask\u0131ya y\u00f6nelik eylemlerin en az 6 ay s\u00fcre ile devam etmi\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir. Ancak doktrinde, bu s\u00fcrenin eylemlerin nitelik, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k ve ma\u011fdurda b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkiye g\u00f6re belirlenmesi gerekti\u011fi, bu nedenle 6 aydan k\u0131sa s\u00fcren eylemlerin de mobbing kapsam\u0131nda olabilece\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Bununla birlikte, doktrin ve i\u00e7tihatlar ile d\u00fcnya genelinde ittifak ile kabul edilen husus \u015fudur ki; m\u00fcnferit eylemlerin mobbing olarak nitelendirilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmay\u0131p, en az 3 ay\u0131 a\u015fan s\u00fcre ile devam eden sistemli bir eylemler zincirinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mobbingin s\u00fcrekli ve sistematik olmas\u0131 gere\u011fi, onu m\u00fcnferit \u201c\u00e7at\u0131\u015fma\u201d durumlar\u0131ndan ay\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131nda bu durum \u015fu \u015fekilde ifade edilmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c<em>Mobingi; stres, t\u00fckenmi\u015flik sendromu, i\u015fyeri kabal\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u015f tatminsizli\u011fi ya da doyumsuzlu\u011fu gibi olgulardan ay\u0131ran husus, belli ki\u015finin belli bir amaca y\u00f6nelik olarak hedef al\u0131nmas\u0131, yap\u0131lan haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n <strong>s\u00fcrekli, sistematik ve s\u0131k olu\u015fudur<\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>S\u00fcreklilik g\u00f6stermeyen, belli aral\u0131klarla s\u0131k s\u0131k tekrarlanmayan, ara s\u0131ra m\u00fcnferit olarak meydana gelmi\u015f <strong>birka\u00e7 haks\u0131z, kaba, nezaketsiz veya etik d\u0131\u015f\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f<\/strong> mobing olarak nitelendirilemez.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yine Yarg\u0131tay karar\u0131na konu olmu\u015f bir olayda; i\u015f\u00e7i ile i\u015fveren aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan tart\u0131\u015fma esnas\u0131nda i\u015fverenin i\u015f\u00e7iye hakaret etmi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n mobbing olgusunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermedi\u011fi; ancak \u0130\u015f Kanunu 24\/II-b maddesi kapsam\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hakl\u0131 fesih nedeni bulundu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong><u>Mobbinge Y\u00f6nelik Korumalar\u0131n Hukuki Alt Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/u><\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Mobbinge y\u00f6nelik hukuki korumalar\u0131n alt yap\u0131s\u0131 esasen birden \u00e7ok hukuk alan\u0131n\u0131 ilgilendirmekte ve birden \u00e7ok mevzuata dayanmaktad\u0131r. Zira psikolojik taciz eylemlerinde hem&nbsp; ma\u011fdurun korunmas\u0131 hem de tacizde bulunan\u0131n cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. Bu bak\u0131mdan ba\u015fta Anayasa olmak \u00fczere T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu, T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu, \u0130\u015f Kanunu ve T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanununda mobbinge kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlem niteli\u011finde h\u00fck\u00fcmler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ancak belirtmek gerekir ki, <strong>halen hukuk sistemimizde \u201cmobbing\u201d kavram\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131lmamakta<\/strong> ve 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu hari\u00e7 di\u011fer mevzuatta psikolojik tacize do\u011frudan hukuki sonu\u00e7 ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu (TBK)&nbsp;&nbsp; : Psikolojik taciz kavram\u0131 mevzuat\u0131m\u0131zda ilk kez 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren TBK\u2019n\u0131n \u201chizmet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u201d h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi k\u0131s\u0131mda \u201ci\u015fverenin bor\u00e7lar\u0131\u201d alt\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f ve bu d\u00fczenleme halen mevzuatta yer alan do\u011frudan psikolojik tacize ili\u015fkin<strong> ilk ve tek<\/strong> d\u00fczenleme olma vasf\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201cIV. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin ki\u015fili\u011finin korunmas\u0131<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>1. Genel olarak<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>MADDE 417-<\/em><\/strong><em>&nbsp;\u0130\u015fveren, hizmet ili\u015fkisinde i\u015f\u00e7inin <strong>ki\u015fili\u011fini korumak ve sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermek<\/strong> ve i\u015fyerinde <strong>d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck ilkelerine uygun bir d\u00fczeni sa\u011flamakla<\/strong>, \u00f6zellikle i\u015f\u00e7ilerin <strong>psikolojik ve cinsel tacize u\u011framamalar\u0131<\/strong> ve bu t\u00fcr tacizlere u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131n daha fazla zarar g\u00f6rmemeleri i\u00e7in <strong>gerekli \u00f6nlemleri<\/strong> almakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u0130\u015fveren, i\u015fyerinde <strong>i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131<\/strong> i\u00e7in gerekli her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00f6nlemi almak, ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7leri noksans\u0131z bulundurmak; i\u015f\u00e7iler de i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi konusunda al\u0131nan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00f6nleme uymakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u0130\u015fverenin yukar\u0131daki h\u00fck\u00fcmler d\u00e2hil, kanuna ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ayk\u0131r\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, v\u00fccut b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn zedelenmesi <a>veya <strong>ki\u015filik haklar\u0131n\u0131n ihlaline ba\u011fl\u0131 zararlar\u0131n tazmini, <\/strong>s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131ktan do\u011fan sorumluluk h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine tabidir.\u201d<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bilindi\u011fi gibi T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunun \u201chizmet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u201dne ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmleri i\u015f ili\u015fkisinde \u201cgenel h\u00fck\u00fcm\u201d niteli\u011finde olup, \u00f6zel kanun niteli\u011findeki \u0130\u015f Kanununda h\u00fck\u00fcm bulunmayan hallerde i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde de uygulama alan\u0131 bulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bu nedenle, TBK\u2019n\u0131n 417. maddesi, i\u015fverenlere i\u015f\u00e7inin ki\u015fili\u011fini ve bu arada psikolojik sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da koruma g\u00f6revi vermesi ve bunun ihlali halinde s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k kapsam\u0131nda tazmin sorumlulu\u011funun do\u011faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan i\u015f\u00e7i- i\u015fveren ili\u015fkisinde olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir d\u00fczenlemedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>BK 417\/I h\u00fckm\u00fc gere\u011fince i\u015fyerinde ahlaka uygun bir d\u00fczeni ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olan i\u015fveren, i\u015f\u00e7ilere cinsel veya psikolojik tacizde bulunamayaca\u011f\u0131 gibi di\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7ilerin de bu t\u00fcr davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek ve bu tacizlere u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131n daha fazla zarar g\u00f6rmemeleri i\u00e7in gerekli t\u00fcm \u00f6nlemleri almakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Zira i\u015fyerinde psikolojik taciz niteli\u011findeki davran\u0131\u015flar do\u011frudan i\u015fveren veya i\u015fveren vekilinden gelebilece\u011fi gibi; di\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7ilerden de gelebilir. Bu halde de i\u015f\u00e7iyi koruma ve g\u00f6zetme borcunu yerine getirmeyen i\u015fverenin sorumlulu\u011fu do\u011facakt\u0131r. <em>(Yarg\u0131tay 9. Hukuk Dairesi\u2019nin 04.02.2013 tarih, 2012\/26702 E., 2013\/3953 K.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu&nbsp; (TMK): Bu Kanunda do\u011frudan psikoljik tacize y\u00f6nelik bi d\u00fczenleme yer almasa da 2. maddesinde yer alan ve <strong>d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131<\/strong> olarak niteledi\u011fimiz <em>\u201cHerkes, haklar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131rken ve bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirirken d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131na uymak zorundad\u0131r. Bir hakk\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 hukuk d\u00fczeni korumaz.\u201d <\/em>\u015feklindeki d\u00fczenleme esasen i\u015fverenin i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ifas\u0131nda d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131na uygun davranmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmekte olup, tek ba\u015f\u0131na bu h\u00fck\u00fcm bile i\u015fverenin i\u015f\u00e7iye mobbing uygulamas\u0131na engel niteliktedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u00d6te yandan mobbing kapsam\u0131na giren davran\u0131\u015flar ayn\u0131 zamanda ma\u011fdurun ki\u015filik haklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131 niteli\u011fini haiz olmas\u0131 nedeniyle TMK\u2019n\u0131n 23 ve devam\u0131 maddelerinde yer alan ki\u015fili\u011fin korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemelerin kapsam\u0131na girmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re, mobbinge maruz kalan i\u015f\u00e7inin tazminat talep etme hakk\u0131 sakl\u0131 olmak \u00fczere; TMK uyar\u0131nca hakimden sald\u0131r\u0131 tehlikesinin \u00f6nlenmesini, s\u00fcrmekte olan sald\u0131r\u0131ya son verilmesini, sona ermi\u015f olsa bile etkileri devam eden sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tespitini isteyebilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu (TCK)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; : Bu kanunda mobbing eylemi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ve tek ba\u015f\u0131na bir su\u00e7 tipi olarak \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir. Ancak mobbing vakalar\u0131nda tacizde bulunan\u0131n eylemleri kimi zaman TCK\u2019da yer alan bir veya birden fazla su\u00e7 tipinin olu\u015fmas\u0131na v\u00fccut vermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu itibarla somut olay\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131na g\u00f6re; hakaret, kasten yaralama, tehdit, \u015fantaj, iftira, intihara y\u00f6nlendirme, cinsel dokunulmazl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar, eziyet, cebir, ki\u015filerin huzur ve s\u00fck\u00fbnunu bozma su\u00e7lar\u0131 olu\u015fabilece\u011fi gibi; haberle\u015fmenin gizlili\u011fini ihlal, ki\u015filer aras\u0131ndaki konu\u015fmalar\u0131n dinlenmesi ve kayda al\u0131nmas\u0131, \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini ihlal, ki\u015fisel verilerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, bili\u015fim alan\u0131ndaki su\u00e7lar, inan\u00e7, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve kanaat h\u00fcrriyetinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleme, i\u015f ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma h\u00fcrriyetinin ihlali ve sendikal haklar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n engellenmesi su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n da mobbing eylemi bi\u00e7iminde g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesi ihtimal dahilindedir ki bu durumda cezai yapt\u0131r\u0131m s\u00f6z konusu olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u0130\u015f Kanunu&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; : Bu kanunda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a mobbing ya da psikolojik taciz kavramlar\u0131ndan bahsedilmemi\u015f ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla buna ba\u011fl\u0131 hukuki sonu\u00e7lar \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir. Keza i\u015f\u00e7iye i\u015f akdini hakl\u0131 nedenle derhal fesih hakk\u0131 veren 24. maddede fesih nedenleri aras\u0131nda say\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ancak \u0130\u015f Kanunun 5. maddesinde yer alan \u201c<strong>e\u015fit davranma ilkesi<\/strong>\u201d ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere baz\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ile Medeni Kanunda yer alan <strong>d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck ve iyiniyet kurallar\u0131<\/strong> ile ki\u015fili\u011fin korunmas\u0131na dair h\u00fck\u00fcmler, TBK da yer alan s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n hukuki yapt\u0131r\u0131ma ba\u011flanmas\u0131na dair h\u00fck\u00fcmler, bu arada i\u015f\u00e7inin psikikolojik tacize kar\u015f\u0131 korunmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren <strong>417. maddede<\/strong> yer alan d\u00fczenleme ile <strong>haks\u0131z fiile<\/strong> ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler, <strong>6331 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015f Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Kanunu<\/strong> h\u00fck\u00fcmleri bir arada de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde; i\u015fverenin i\u015f\u00e7iyi <strong><u>koruma ve g\u00f6zetme borcu <\/u><\/strong>oldu\u011fu, esasen bu borcun i\u015f\u00e7inin \u201c<em>sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn<\/em>\u201d bir nevi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak tezah\u00fcr etti\u011fi ve bunun sonucu olarak da i\u015fverenin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 psikolojik tacizde bulunmama ve bulunulmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc oldu\u011fu; bu bak\u0131mdan psikolojik taciz eylemlerine maruz kalan i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015f akdini <strong>bildirimsiz fesih hakk\u0131<\/strong> bulundu\u011fu sonucuna var\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sonu\u00e7 doktrinde ve yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131nda ittifakla kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bunula birlikte hangi eylemlerin mobbing kapsam\u0131nda kabul edilip edilmeyece\u011fi hususu elbette tam bir netlik kazanm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir. Ayr\u0131ca pek \u00e7ok yazar, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck baltalay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olan mobbing kavram\u0131n\u0131n halen yasalar\u0131m\u0131zda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fczenlenmemi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131 bir eksiklik olarak g\u00f6rmekte ve konunun ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir d\u00fczenleme gerektirdi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrmektedir. \u0130\u015f Kanunu \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde mobbingin uygulanma \u015fekli a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong><u>\u0130\u015f Hukuku Prati\u011finde Mobbing<\/u><\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Bilindi\u011fi gibi i\u015f Kanununda i\u015f\u00e7inin hakl\u0131 fesih nedenleri \u0130\u015f Kanununun 24. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olup, bu maddede say\u0131lan haller ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finde i\u015f\u00e7i i\u015f akdini Kanunun 26\/I maddesi uyar\u0131nca alt\u0131 i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7inde feshedebilecek, en az 1 y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 halinde k\u0131dem tazminat\u0131na hak kazanabilecektir (fesih i\u015flemine konu eylemin niteli\u011fine g\u00f6re maddi \u2013 manevi tazminat talep etme hakk\u0131 sakl\u0131d\u0131r).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130\u015fverenin hakl\u0131 fesih nedenleri ise 25. maddede d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olup, bu hallerde i\u015fveren i\u015f akdine derhal son verebilecek i\u015f\u00e7iye k\u0131dem ya da ihbar tazminat\u0131 \u00f6demesi yapmayacakt\u0131r. Ancak i\u015fverenin 25. maddede say\u0131lan haller d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi feshetmesi i\u015f\u00e7iye uygun bildirim s\u00fcresi vermesi ya da bu s\u00fcreye ait \u00fccreti pe\u015fin \u00f6demesi halinde s\u00f6z konusu olmakta; ayr\u0131ca i\u015f\u00e7inin k\u0131dem tazminat\u0131n\u0131 da \u00f6demesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, i\u015f akdi feshedilen i\u015f\u00e7i, feshin ge\u00e7erli bir sebebe dayanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131nda ise Kanunun 21. Maddesinde yer alan i\u015f g\u00fcvencesi ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 halinde feshin ge\u00e7ersizli\u011fini ve i\u015fe iadesini talep ve dava etme hakk\u0131na da sahiptir. 21. madde kapsam\u0131nda yer almayan i\u015fyerleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ise benzer durumlarda 17. madde uyar\u0131nca \u201ck\u00f6t\u00fcniyet tazminat\u0131\u201d \u00f6denmesi g\u00fcndeme gelebilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mobbingin S\u00f6z Konusu Oldu\u011fu Hallerde \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin Haklar\u0131 Nelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. \u00d6ncelikle belirtmek gerekir ki, \u0130\u015f Kanunun 24. maddesinde say\u0131lan fesih nedenlerinin, \u00f6zellikle de 24\/II de yer alan \u201c<em>Ahlak ve iyiniyet kurallar\u0131na uymayan haller ve benzerleri<\/em>\u201d k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki nedenlerin tahdidi olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 doktrinde tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir konudur; ancak uygulamada mobbing durumu t\u0131pk\u0131 24. maddede say\u0131lan hallerden biri gibi de\u011ferlendirilmekte ve i\u015f\u00e7iye hakl\u0131 sebeple <strong>bildirimsiz fesih hakk\u0131 <\/strong>verdi\u011fi kabul edilmi\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ancak mobbingin s\u00fcreklilik g\u00f6steren bir eylem oldu\u011fu dikkate al\u0131narak fesih hakk\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131 i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7inde bildirilmesine y\u00f6nelik kural mobbinge dayal\u0131 fesihlerde uygulanmamaktad\u0131r. Zira Yarg\u0131tay alt\u0131 i\u015f g\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u00fcrenin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 ile ilgili olarak; hakl\u0131 feshe neden olan fiil veya davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n s\u00fcreklilik arz etmesi halinde hak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u00fcrelerin i\u015flemeyece\u011fi ya da s\u00fcrenin eylemin bitti\u011fi tarihten itibaren ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde kararlar vermi\u015ftir. <em>(Yarg\u0131tay 9. H.D. 02.02.2009 T., 2008\/9790 E., 2009\/1003 K.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Bu durumda, mobbing nedeniyle i\u015f akdinin i\u015f\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan feshedilmesi halinde, i\u015f\u00e7i ihbar \u00f6neli vermek zorunda olmadan derhal fesih hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilecek ve ko\u015fullar\u0131 varsa <strong>k\u0131dem tazminat\u0131na<\/strong> da hak kazanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. \u00d6te yandan, Yarg\u0131tay baz\u0131 kararlar\u0131nda mobbing nedeniyle i\u015f akdinin i\u015f\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan sonland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hallerde <strong>ihbar tazminat\u0131na da hak kazan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay\u0131n bu yorumu tam anlam\u0131yla istikrar kazanmam\u0131\u015f ise de, mobbing durumunun di\u011fer hakl\u0131 fesih hallerinden farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclerek ekstra bir korumaya tabi k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201c\u0130hbar tazminat\u0131 talebine gelince, her ne kadar fesih i\u015f\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ise de, i\u015fverenin uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mobing sonucu <strong>i\u015f\u00e7inin iradesinin feshe y\u00f6nlendirildi\u011fi sabit oldu\u011fundan<\/strong>, <strong>ihbar tazminat\u0131na da hak kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>. Mahkemenin, mobing \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik gerek\u00e7esi isabetsiz ise de, k\u0131dem ve ihbar tazminat\u0131 alacaklar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131, sonu\u00e7 itibariyle do\u011fru g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.\u201d (Yrg.22.H.D.2015\/11958 E., 2016\/15623 K.).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. Ancak mobbing nedeniyle de olsa i\u015f akdi i\u015f\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan sonland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece <strong>i\u015fe iade hakk\u0131 do\u011fmayacak ve k\u00f6t\u00fcniyet tazminat\u0131 da s\u00f6z konusu olmayacakt\u0131r<\/strong>. Bununla birlikte hem mobbingin s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu, hem de i\u015f akdinin i\u015fverence sonland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hallerde elbette i\u015f\u00e7iye k\u0131dem ve ihbar tazminat\u0131 \u00f6denmesi gerekti\u011fi gibi i\u015f\u00e7i i\u015f g\u00fcvencesi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinden de yararlanabilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. Mobbing halinde uygulanmas\u0131 muhtemel olan bir di\u011fer h\u00fck\u00fcm ise i\u015fverenin e\u015fit davranma borcunu d\u00fczenleyen \u0130\u015f Kanununun 5. maddesidir. Buna g\u00f6re i\u015fverenin i\u015f\u00e7ileri aras\u0131nda <strong>ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k yapmas\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015f<\/strong> olup, bu yasa\u011fa ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k halinde i\u015f\u00e7iler d\u00f6rt aya kadar \u00fccreti tutar\u0131ndaki uygun bir tazminattan ba\u015fka yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131n\u0131 da talep edebilir. \u00d6zellikle psikolojik tacizin i\u015fveren taraf\u0131ndan bizzat ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi hallerin pek \u00e7o\u011funda i\u015fverenin e\u015fit davranma borcuna ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k s\u00f6z konusudur. \u00d6rne\u011fin ma\u011fdurun di\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fnlardan farkl\u0131 bir fiziki ortamda tutulmas\u0131, di\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara sunulan imkanlar\u0131n belli bir i\u015f\u00e7iye sunulmamas\u0131, i\u015fyerinin \u00f6zel kutlamalar\u0131 veya di\u011fer sosyal etkinliklerine kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak belirli bir i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131 gibi durumlarda i\u015f\u00e7i \u0130\u015f Kanununun 5. maddesi uyar\u0131nca <strong>4 aya kadar \u00fccreti tutar\u0131nda<\/strong> tazminat talep edebilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. Son olarak, psikolojik tacize maruz kalan i\u015f\u00e7i fesih ve feshe ba\u011fl\u0131 alacaklar\u0131 yan\u0131nda zarara u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 durumunda maddi ve manevi tazminat da talep edebilecektir. Psikolojik tacizin \u201cmobbing\u201d olarak kabul edilebilmesi i\u00e7in belirli bir s\u00fcre boyunca devam etmesi ve sistematik olarak uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda, mobbing vakalar\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse tamam\u0131nda ma\u011fdurun manevi olarak zarara u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilecektir. Keza<em> <\/em>TBK n\u0131n 417. maddesinde de ki\u015filik haklar\u0131n\u0131n ihlaline ba\u011fl\u0131 zararlar\u0131n tazmininin, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131ktan do\u011fan sorumluluk h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re istenebilece\u011fi d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mobbingde \u0130spat K\u00fclfeti Kime Aittir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Konuya ili\u015fkin olarak de\u011finilmesi gereken bir di\u011fer husus ise, mobbingde ispat k\u00fclfetidir. Kural olarak mobbing nedeniyle i\u015f akdini fesheden i\u015f\u00e7inin mobbing olgusunu ispatlamas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Ancak \u00e7o\u011fu durumda mobbingin ispatlanmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a zordur. Bu nedenle Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131 ile mobbingin ispatlanmas\u0131 bir derece kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015e\u00f6yle ki, i\u015f\u00e7inin mobbing olgusunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli bir kanaat uyand\u0131racak verileri sunmas\u0131 halinde mobbingin var oldu\u011fu kabul edilecek, bu halde mobbingin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fverenin ispatlamas\u0131 gerekecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;\u201c<em>Mobingin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in <strong>ki\u015filik haklar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r \u015fekilde ihlaline gerek yoktur.<\/strong> Ki\u015filik haklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir <strong>haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n<\/strong> varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeterlidir. Ayr\u0131ca,mobing gibi di\u011fer dava t\u00fcrlerine g\u00f6re ispat\u0131 nispeten daha zor olan bir konuda, <strong>kesin ve mutlak bir ispat \u015fart\u0131 aranmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong> \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin, kendisine i\u015fyerinde mobing uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair ku\u015fku uyand\u0131racak olgular\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrmesi yeterlidir. \u0130\u015fyerinde mobingin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren olgular\u0131n mahkemeye sunulmas\u0131 halinde, i\u015fyerinde <strong>mobingin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fini ispat k\u00fclfetinin i\u015fverene d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/strong> kabul edilmelidir.\u201d (Yrg.22.H.D.2015\/11958 E., 2016\/15623 K.).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/em><strong>Mobbinge \u00d6rnek Davran\u0131\u015flar Nelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hangi t\u00fcr davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n mobbing olarak kabul edilece\u011fi hususu elbette \u00f6nceden belirlenebilir nitelikte de\u011fildir. Ancak uygulamada genel olarak hangi eylemlerin mobbing olarak kabul edildi\u011fi incelendi\u011finde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekilde bir liste yap\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fck\u00fcnd\u00fcr:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>a) <\/strong>Telefon, bilgisayar ve lamba gibi i\u015fyerinde bulunan ki\u015fiye ait e\u015fyalar, birdenbire ortadan kaybolur veya bozulur. Yerine yenileri konulmaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>b) <\/strong>\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma arkada\u015flar\u0131yla aralar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan tart\u0131\u015fmalar, her zamankinden daha fazla olmaya ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>c) <\/strong>Ki\u015finin sigara kokusundan ve duman\u0131ndan \u00e7ok rahats\u0131z oldu\u011funu bile bile yan\u0131ndaki masaya \u00e7ok sigara i\u00e7en birisi yerle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>d) <\/strong>Ki\u015fi, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n ofisine girdi\u011finde konu\u015fma hemen kesilir, konu de\u011fi\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>e) <\/strong>Ki\u015fi i\u015fle ilgili \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler ve haberlerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>f) <\/strong>Ki\u015finin arkas\u0131ndan \u00e7e\u015fitli s\u00f6ylentiler \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r; kulaktan kula\u011fa f\u0131s\u0131lt\u0131lar yay\u0131l\u0131r;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>g) <\/strong>Kendisine yetenek ve becerilerinin \u00e7ok alt\u0131nda veya uzmanl\u0131k alan\u0131na girmeyen i\u015fler verilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>h) <\/strong>Birey, her yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fin ince ince g\u00f6zlendi\u011fini hisseder. \u0130\u015fe geli\u015f gidi\u015f saatleri, telefon konu\u015fmalar\u0131, \u00e7ay ya da kahve molas\u0131nda ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi zaman ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla kontrol edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>i) <\/strong>Birey, di\u011ferleri taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrekli ele\u015ftirilir veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>j) <\/strong>Birey, s\u00f6zl\u00fc veya yaz\u0131l\u0131 soru ve taleplerine yan\u0131t alamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>k) <\/strong>Birey, \u00fcstleri veya i\u015f arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kontrol d\u0131\u015f\u0131 tepki g\u00f6stermeye k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>l) <\/strong>Birey, \u015firketin \u00f6zel kutlamalar\u0131 veya di\u011fer sosyal etkinliklerine kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>m) <\/strong>Bireyin d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc veya giyim tarz\u0131yla alay edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>n) <\/strong>Bireyin i\u015fle ilgili t\u00fcm \u00f6nerileri reddedilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>o) <\/strong>Kendisinden daha alt d\u00fczeydeki g\u00f6revlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlardan daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret al\u0131r. <em>(T\u0131naz vd., 2008: 56).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hukuk Literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde Mobbing \u201cPsikolojik taciz\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cmobbing\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n hukuk d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki tarihsel geli\u015fimi \u00e7ok eskilere uzanmamaktad\u0131r.&nbsp; \u0130lk olarak 1980 li y\u0131llarda Dr. Heinz Leymann taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan mobbing; \u201cBir veya birka\u00e7 ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan, bir di\u011fer ki\u015fiye y\u00f6nelik (nedeni, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve inan\u00e7 ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k ve cinsiyet ayr\u0131m\u0131na kadar \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli olabilen), sistematik [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":293,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[6],"tags":[37,38,34,39,35,36],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kadihukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/532"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kadihukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kadihukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadihukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadihukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=532"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadihukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/532\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":537,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadihukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/532\/revisions\/537"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadihukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/293"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kadihukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=532"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadihukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=532"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadihukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=532"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}